The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

The OBJECTIVE was to evaluate the results of endoscopic treatment of cicatrical tracheal stenoses.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. During the period from 1995 to 2018, 145 patients with cicatrical tracheal stenoses (men – 102, women – 43) aged 15 to 83 years were treated in the clinic. Stenosis was post tracheostomy in 96 patients, postintubation in 39 patients, after circular tracheal resection in 6 patients, after tracheolaryngoplasty in 3 patients, after radiation therapy for primary tracheal cancer in 1 patient. Endoscopic treatment was performed in 136 patients.

RESULTS. In the tracheal dilation, only 42 (30,88 %) patients managed to achieve stabilization of the lumen of the trachea. Stenting of the narrowed part of the trachea with stent type Dumon was in 62 (45,58 %) patients due to restenosis. Formation of the lumen sufficient for breathing was possible in 40 (70,2 %) patients. All the complications that occurred during the stent in the trachea were diagnosed and eliminated.

CONCLUSION. Endoscopic methods of treatment of patients with cicatrical tracheal stenoses were highly effective allowing to restore and maintain airway patency, both temporarily (for the purpose of preoperative preparation) and constantly.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

Patients with obesity who have undergone intra-abdominal endoscopic intervention belong to the category of patients with an increased risk of developing the syndrome of intra-abdominal hypertension (SIAH), which dictates the need to develop interventions aimed at its prevention.

The OBJECTIVE was to evaluate the effectiveness of complex integrated methods of SIAH prevention in patients with morbid obesity with endoscopic bariatric surgery.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. A randomized trial of 69 patients with a body mass index >35 kg/m INTENSIVE 2 was conducted; patients were divided into two groups depending on the type of anesthesia. In the 1st group (n=34), the operation was performed under combined anesthesia based on low-flow inhalation with desflurane in combination with prolonged epidural analgesia (PEA) with ropivacaine. Maintaining a deep level of myorelaxation under the control of acceleromyography in the post-tetanic counts (PTC) mode was achieved by continuous infusion of rocuronium. In the perioperative period, the infusion patients were in the «beach chair» position, and their research was carried out according to the principles of fast track surgery. In the 2nd group (n=35), the operation was performed under combined anesthesia based on lowflow inhalation with desflurane, neuromuscular blockade was performed by bolus injection of rocuronium under the control of acceleromyography in train of four (TOF) mode. Analgesia was provided by systemic administration of opioids. In both groups, markers of kidney injury were investigated, intra-abdominal pressure was monitored, the effectiveness of recovery after surgery and the quality of postoperative analgesia were assessed.

RESULTS. A significantly lower level диурез of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), связь higher compliance evaluation of the anterior crit abdominal внутрибрюшной wall, and a significantly стаканов lower level управляемой of markers of renal study injury in the отмечено postoperative period bariatric were revealed raga in the first дозе group compared to the second group during темпу the perioperative study period. keulenaer

СONCLUSION. The effectiveness of using the position of deep muscle relaxation in the continuous infusion mode, adequate analgesia in the perioperative period using neuraxial techniques, using the «beach chair» position on the operating table and in the postoperative period, managing patients using fast track surgery for preventing the development of SIAG was identified.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

INTRODUCTION. MGB is considered to be the best alternative to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) due to the shorter operation time and fewer possible complications. The OBJECTIVE of this study was to determine biliary reflux in patients undergoing MGB with a hand-sewn gastroenteroanastomosis, and MGB with a stapler gastroenteroanastomosis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. This study included the analysis of results of treatment of 122 patients with morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome who had undergone laparoscopic MGB. Patients were divided into two clinical groups depending on the method of applying gastroenteroanastomosis. Clinical and endoscopic assessment was used to determine bile reflux; biliary reflux index (BRI) was used. In the postoperative period, the possibility of developing biliary reflux using fibrogastroscopy with biopsy of the gastric mucosa, microscopy of biopsy materials was evaluated. Microscopy of biopsy specimens was performed by a pathologist who evaluated each sample of gastric tissue in accordance with the system for determining the biliary reflux index (BRI).

RESULTS. During fibrogastroscopy, biliary reflux was diagnosed in 9 (15.5 %) cases in the study group and 16 (26.6 %) cases in the control group. In the study group of patients, biliary reflux index (BRI) > 14 was determined in 3 patients (5.153 %). In the control group of patients, BRI> 14 was in 7 cases (10.94 %). The difference was significant (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION. Determination of BRI index in patients undergoing MGB could be used as a screening method for diagnosing the biliary reflux in order to prevent and develop the tactic for further management of patients from a risk group of complications associated with the toxic effects of an aggressive bile refluxate.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

The OBJECTIVE was to build an algorithm for medical and surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal bleedings in patients with cardiovascular diseases under anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. The research was based on the analysis of results of treatment of hemorrhoidal bleedings in 86 patients with comorbidity (chronic combined hemorrhoids (2–4 stages) and cardiovascular diseases) under antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy. Doppler-guided hemorrhoid artery ligation (with or without recto-anal repair) was used for the patients from the study group with no interrupting regular antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, whereas, in control group of patients, antithrombotic therapy was rejected for three to seven days in order to implementation of hemorrhoidectomy by Milligan – Morgan.

RESULTS. The doppler-guided hemorrhoid artery ligation with recto-anal repair was a minimally invasive method without intra-operative blood loss with lowest pain syndrome at the short in hospital staying in comparison to hemorrhoidectomy by Milligan – Morgan. This fact determined the great clinical and economic effectiveness of the research method for the treatment of hemorrhoidal bleedings in patients with comorbidity.

CONCLUSION. The minimal invasive surgical method of treatment hemorrhoidal bleedings – doppler-guided hemorrhoid artery ligation – could be used for patients with cardiovascular diseases and did not require interrupting anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

Surgical treatment of breast cancer (BC) has undergone significant changes over the past half century. Oncoplastic operations are a relatively new variant of organ-preserving surgical treatment of breast cancer. Its idea is to combine the principles of oncology and plastic surgery in order to obtain oncological safe and cosmetic acceptable results. Despite the widespread implementation of these operations, high-quality studies on the benefits of oncoplastic operations in comparison with other methods are not enough. Actual issues of breast cancer oncoplastic surgery was considered in this literature review, such as indications for surgery, classification of oncoplastic techniques, determination of positive resection margins, evaluation of recurrence and survival, postoperative complications, cosmetic result.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study (Conclusion of the local Ethics Committee at Northern State Medical University of 08.04.2015, Protocol No. 02/4-15). Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

The OBJECTIVE was to study the changes of bioelectric activity of muscles in patients with local cold injury of the feet.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. Non-invasive method of cutaneous electroneuromyography was used to evaluate the bioelectrical activity of muscles. The study was conducted in 52 patients with local cold injury of III–IV degree of the lower extremities of the late reactive period and the period of granulation and epithelialization. M-response amplitude, residual latency and propagation velocity of the excitation were estimated.

RESULTS. In patients with local cold injury, there was a decrease in the bioelectric activity of the limb muscles proximal to the affected area. M-response amplitude and the propagation velocity of the excitation decreased in the patients in the late reactive period, while the residual latency increased. In patients with frostbite limbs during granulation and epithelialization, there was a tendency to restore the level of bioelectrical activity of muscles relative to the late reactive period.

CONCLUSION. The basis of the adverse effects of local cold injury was “chronic” endothelial dysfunction and local neuropathy.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

INTRODUCTION. Analysis of consideration of risk factors (RF) in the prediction and treatment of acute traumatic pancreatitis (ATP) based on studied sources has revealed that classic isolated RF cannot completely account for the dynamics and onset of ATP.

The OBJECTIVE was to develop a system for early prediction of the probability of developing ATP in case of shockinducing polytrauma.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. Our prediction model was based on retrospective analysis of case records of patients had injured in car crashes and slip-and-fall accidents. Clinical and mathematical simulation were employed to describe real cause-effect relations. The study left out isolated minor injuries, which did not imply any pancreatopathy RF. We compiled the selection of 469 shock-inducing polytrauma case records. Stepwise research was carried out to create the prediction system. RESULTS. We identified 15 RF affecting the probability of ATP development. Mathematical processing of obtained quantitative characteristics determined the predictive score (PS) of every RF (PS RF). The resulting cumulative PS RF were used as the basis to build a mathematical prediction model for the probability of ATP development. A lookup table was suggested for practical application in polytrauma surgery. The study carried out with reference on available sources and research works of the authors was used to stipulate basic principles for clinical and mathematical simulation of risk factors causing development of pancreatopathy in shock-inducing polytrauma situation within a traumatic disease case. The issues of pathology predicting were also highlighted. The paper offers a scientifically justified and elaborated predictive evaluation based on the system of risk factors affecting the ATP development.

CONCLUSION. Implementation of the scoring evaluation method to identify the risk of pathology onset based on combinations of risk factors considerably increased informative value of predictions and improved the efficiency of individually tailored preventive measures corresponding to the risk of pancreatopathy in shock-inducing polytrauma cases.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

INTRODUCTION. The problem of preventing massive pulmonary thromboembolism and post-thrombotic syndrome in deep vein thrombosis has been studied for a long period. The introduction of new treatments for deep vein thrombosis requires a detailed comparison of their effectiveness.

The OBJECTIVE of this work was a comparative analysis of ligation of the superficial femoral vein and regional thrombolytic therapy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. A retrospective multicenter study involving 30 patients with femoproplite thrombosis, who had received catheter-directed thrombolysis or ligation of the superficial femoral vein, was performed. The investigated patients underwent inpatient treatment.

RESULTS. The data on the effectiveness of both methods in preventing pulmonary thromboembolism were obtained. When comparing both groups, we revealed a statistically significant difference in the frequency of the development of PTS and the severity of its development in 1 year after treatment. With ligation vein, 73.3 and 6.7% in the thrombolysis group (p=0.0005).

CONCLUSION. Regional thrombolysis was an effective treatment for deep vein thrombosis and prevention of PTS.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

The OBJECTIVE was to demonstrate perioperative outcomes and angiographic graft patency rates in the mediumterm period in patients after multivessel minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (MICS CABG) procedures.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. In the period from 2014 to 2019, 270 patients with stable forms of coronary artery disease were operated on. All patients received left internal thoracic artery (LITA) and venous or arterial (radial artery) grafts. Off-pump surgery was performed in 264 cases (97.8 %). 127 patients underwent CT-bypass angiography (CT-BA) on a 128-slice computed tomography at least after 1 year after the operation. Mean follow-up duration was (30.3±7.9) months.

RESULTS. All patients received full myocardial revascularization. Mean number of grafts was (2.6±0.5). Perioperative mortality rate was 0.4 % (1 patient). Perioperative myocardial infarctions or cerebrovascular accident occurred in 3 (1.1 %) and 1 (0.4 %) patients. Overall graft patency rate in examined patients was 89.8 % (290 of 323). At the time of LITA, the patency of mammary grafts was 98.4 % (124 of 126), venous graft –84.0 % (163 of 194) and radial artery grafts – 100 % (3 of 3).

CONCLUSION. MICS CABG was safe and effective and was characterized by minimal rate of perioperative complications. This procedure allowed to achieve complete revascularization of the myocardium without sternotomy and could be performed off-pump (in most cases). MICS CABG provide excellent long-term graft patency rates.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

OBJECTIVE. Hiatal hernias are the most common type of visceral anatomy disorder. The unresolved problem of surgical treatment of this pathology remains the high frequency of its relapse. Currently, it is believed that repeated surgical interventions for hiatal hernia are technically difficult, carry a high risk of complications and have unsatisfactory long-term results.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. In the period from 2015 to 2019, 55 patients with this pathology were operated. In 52 (94.5 %) cases, the revision operation was performed laparoscopically, in 3 (5.5 %) – through left-side thoracotomy. The technique of the operation implied the removal of hiatal hernia and the implementation of antireflux reconstruction. In five (9.9 %) patients with a shortened esophagus, the fundoplication wrap was originally created in the chest; in 50 (90.1 %), normal anatomy was restored.

RESULTS. Long-term results ranging from 12 to 48 months were evaluated in 53 (96.4 %) cases. The natural position of the esophagus and stomach in relation to the diaphragm was detected in 43 (81.1 %) patients, relapse of hiatal hernia – in 5 (9.4 %). In 5 patients, the fundoplication wrap formed in the chest was functional. The absence of gastroesophageal reflux was observed in 41 (91.8 % of patients who had GERD before surgery). In 4 (8.8 %) cases, including one patient with antireflux reconstruction in the chest, a relapse of the disease occurred.

CONCLUSION. The presented results allowed the surgical treatment of recurrent hiatal hernias reasonable and effective.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

The OBJECTIVE of this work was to study the possibility of preoperative color 3D-modeling and intraoperative navigation through the use of the system «Avtoplan» in the surgical treatment of patients with pathology of the liver.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. System «Avtoplan» was used in 32 patients with different surgical diseases of the liver: hemangioma, hydatid cyst, alveococcosis and metastatic colorectal cancer to assess the feasibility of the operation – resection of the liver of a particular volume.

RESULTS. The performed 3D-modeling of the liver in the preoperative stage were used in 3 cases (10.3%) of 32 to abandon the planned surgical treatment in favor of conservative therapy due to local spread of the pathological process (in 2 cases – metastatic bilobate and in 1 case – alveococcosis organ damage). Of the 29 operated patients, in 6 (20.7%) at the stage of preoperative modeling, the planned volume of liver resection was changed: in 4 patients, in the direction of its increase in connection with the identified topographic and anatomic location of tumors, and in 2 patients, in the direction of its reduction due to the peculiarities of the blood supply to the zone of surgical interest.

CONCLUSION. Preoperative 3D-modeling allowed the surgeon to better prepare for surgical intervention according to individual anatomical characteristics of the patient and to choose the optimal extent of surgery. Knowledge of 3D topography of liver lesions allowed reducing intraoperative blood loss and the likelihood of damage to intrahepatic structures (vessels, bile ducts). Postoperative 3D modeling allowed to assess the adequacy of the volume of surgery performed and could serve as an objective criterion in assessing the quality of medical care.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

The OBJECTIVE of the work was to evaluate the long-term results of surgical treatment of patients underwent open and laparoscopic TME for rectal cancer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. The analysis of the results of surgical treatment of 103 patients aged from 20 to 70 years with rectal cancer was presented. Depending on the methods of total mesorectumectomy (ТМЕ), patients were divided into 2 groups. The 1st group included 47 (45.6 %) patients who had underwent laparoscopic total mesorectumectomy (LTME). The 2nd group included 56 patients who had underwent open total mesorectumectomy (OTME). In all patients, the histological structure of the tumor was represented by adenocarcinoma of varying degrees of differentiation. Long-term results of surgical treatment with actual and relapse-free 3-and 5-years survival were observed in 97 (94.2 %) patients.

RESULTS. The frequency of local relapses of RC after OTME and LTME was 11.5 % (6 patients) and 11.1 % (5 patients). Distant metastases were detected in 7.7 (4 patients) and 6.7 % (3 patients) of cases, respectively. The actual 3-year survival rate of patients after LTME was 80 %/, 5-year-57.8 %. In patients underwent OTME, these indicators were 81.8 and 54.5 %, respectively.

CONCLUSION. A significant correlation was found between the recurrence rate and distant metastases of the RC and the histological structure and degree of tumor differentiation. The differences between the three-year survival rates of patients in both groups are not statistically significant (p>0.05).

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

INTRODUCTION. Diffuse peritonitis remains a topical problem of modern medicine and is still associated with high mortality. The OBJECTIVE of this work was to develop an objective and easy-to-perform method for determining the indications for programmed relaparotomy in patients with diffuse peritonitis on the basis of determining the aggressiveness of its course.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. The work was based on the results of treatment of 100 patients with diffuse peritonitis. Depending on the pH of the exudate of the peritoneal cavity, the patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group consisted of patients with pH value of peritoneal exudate more than 6.2 (75 patients), and the second group consisted of patients with pH value of peritoneal exudate 6.2 and less (25 patients).

RESULTS. As a result of the treatment in group I, the mortality rate was 12.0 %. In group II, the mortality rate was 56.0 %. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). In group I, 4 patients underwent relaparotomy (5.3 %), and in group II, 17 patients underwent relaparotomy (68.0 %). The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION. We concluded that at pH value of exudate 6.2 or less and the absence of obvious clinical improvement, the patient had been showed to performance the programmed remedial relaparotomy no later than 48 hours from the first operation.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

The OBJECTIVE was to evaluate oncological results of five-year survival of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) complicated by bleeding who underwent emergency resections.

MATERIAL AND METHODS. The study included the data of 240 patients with CRC complicated by bleeding treated in General and specialized surgical hospitals in Smolensk between 2001 and 2013 (13 years).

RESULTS. Of 240 patients with CRC complicated by bleeding, 233 underwent emergency resections. Statistically significant differences were revealed in R1 and the number of investigated lymph nodes between the coloproctological and General surgical hospitals (p=0.01, p<0.001) and oncological and General surgical hospitals (p=0.016, p<0.0001). The indicators of 5-year overall and relapse-free survival were more in patients who had underwent emergency surgical interventions in specialized hospitals (p=0.00217, p=0.0143).

CONCLUSION. When bleeding from the tumor, the mortality rate after surgery was 17.9%, the frequency of severe postoperative complications (IIIb-IVb complications according to Clavien-Dindo) – 44.7%.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

The article presented the clinical observation of the development of TRAS and its endovascular treatment in the 60-year-old female patient.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

Various surgical approaches was proposed to remove the thymus. At the same time, the choice of surgical approach in each patient should have been differential. We presented the clinical case of the removal of thymus tumor using combined (subxyphoid and transthoracic) surgical approach.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

The article presented the clinical case of massive bleeding due to a rupture of the splenic artery aneurysm in a pancreatic pseudocyst followed by breakthrough into the stomach.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

Russian phlebology, as a field of surgery, has passed a long historical path of formation. A.A. Troyanov and his followers laid the foundation for the scientific study of venous pathology. Subsequent works in this area of prominent Russian surgeons made it possible to form those fundamental ideas that are currently the basis of medical tactics. The article presented historical portraits of surgeons of the St. Petersburg phlebology school, who had made a huge contribution to the development of phlebology and the study of surgical pathology of veins.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

The analysis of literature on the possibility of performing anatomical pulmonary resections in patients with concomitant COPD was performed. According to most researchers, FEV1 and DL (CO) more than 80 % indicated a high probability of an uncomplicated postoperative period after any anatomical resection of the lung. If the specified parameters were less than 80 %, additional studies were required: functional tests (6-minute walk test, staircase test), stress testing, calculation of predicted postoperative values of respiratory function, and, if necessary, lung scintigraphy could be performed to study regional respiratory function. The decision about the possibility and need for surgical treatment should have been made individually at the threshold values of these parameters. At the same time, there is currently no system for assessing the risk of postoperative complications for a particular patient, based on all the information about it, which represents the potential for further research.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

During the long history of obesity surgery and associated diseases, a large number of operation techniques with different mechanisms of action have been proposed. However, all currently existing options for surgical correction of obesity have their advantages and disadvantages, ultimately determining the results and side effects of treatment. This circumstance determines the exceptional importance of the correct choice of methods for bariatric surgery. The article considers the basic principles and criteria for choosing the method of surgical treatment of overweight and related diseases from different perspectives.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

Perioperative changes in microbiocenosis in patients with oncological diseases is the widely researched theme in colorectal surgery. In particular, the role of the colon microbiome in the development of purulent-inflammatory postoperative complications and possible significance in cancer disease recurrence have been actively investigated. Data on the colon microbiome tends to be divided on several groups. Part of the considered articles was focused on the condition of the colon microbiome during the perioperative period and its effect on the postoperative complications, in particular on the anastomotic leakage and the development of colitis in the postoperative period in dysbiosis statement. On the other hand, microbiome was evaluated to be a treatment option by the several studies. The effect of antibiotic therapy on the development of Clostridium Difficile infection was investigated as well. The most relevant and up-to-date scientific researches on the microbiocenosis in patients with colorectal cancer were analyzed. The collected data can be used successfully for practical medical using in Russia.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.